%PDF-1.4 % 1 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 1 /Kids [ 2 0 R ] >> endobj 2 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 1 0 R /Resources << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI ] /Font << /QuickPDFF7540cda1 76 0 R /QuickPDFFca5405ad 117 0 R >> >> /Contents [ 5 0 R ] /MediaBox [ 0 0 595.2756 841.8898 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 595.2756 841.8898 ] >> endobj 3 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 1 0 R /Metadata 118 0 R >> endobj 4 0 obj << /Producer (Debenu Quick PDF Library 11.15 \(www.debenu.com\)) /Creator (Debenu Quick PDF Library 11.15 \(www.debenu.com\)) /CreationDate (D:20170615105834+02'00') /ModDate (D:20170615105834+02'00') >> endobj 5 0 obj << /Length 2854 /LC /iSQP >> stream 0 Tr /QuickPDFFca5405ad 14 Tf 0 0 0 rg 100 Tz 0 Tw 0 Tc 0 Ts BT 1 0 0 1 86.8538 770.8329 Tm (Relative Study of the Accuracy of Spirit Levelling and GNSS Levelling)Tj ET /QuickPDFFca5405ad 11 Tf 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 151.5853 731.3912 Tm (Francis Okeke, Olayemi Odumosu and Victor Nnam \(Nigeria\))Tj ET /QuickPDFFca5405ad 12 Tf 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 56.6929 689.6683 Tm 15.996 TL (Key words: )' ET /QuickPDFF7540cda1 12 Tf 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 141.7323 689.6683 Tm 15.768 TL (Engineering survey; GNSS/GPS; Positioning)' ET /QuickPDFFca5405ad 12 Tf 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 56.6929 661.3218 Tm 15.996 TL (SUMMARY)' ET /QuickPDFF7540cda1 12 Tf 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 56.6929 632.9753 Tm 15.768 TL (ABSTRACT)' ()' (Spirit levelling is the traditional and more reliable practice in geometric geoid determination. In)' (recent times, wider range national and regional geoid determinations are carried out with more rapid)' (survey techniques. The rigors and time consumption of spirit levelling make it very expensive,)' (particularly when dealing with a larger area with more number of points. On the other hand, GNSS)' (techniques are faster and easier to operate, but are affected by such factors as signal attenuation,)' (multipath, geometry of satellites, etc. which reduces the accuracy achievable in GNSS levelling)' (operation irrespective of the observational method used. In this study, the least squares method was)' (applied in calculating the error range in both observational methods as well as their accuracy level.)' (After propagation of errors within the adjusted observations from both techniques, the spirit)' (levelling was found to have better observational accuracy with standard deviation ranging from)' (0.0001m 0.0075m and propagated error ranging between 0.0001m 0.0004m within the study)' (area. The GNSS/Leveling is also able to produce observed height to about 0.4m residual from the)' (spirit leveled heights with standard deviation ranging from 0.003m 0.382m and propagated)' (error ranging between 0.00065m 0.03027m. The inference of this study however indicate that)' (though greater accuracy is obtainable from spirit levelling operation, the GNSS levelling technique)' (also provides reliable range of accuracies for height determination of non-geodetic ramifications.)' ()' (Keywords: error propagation, precision, accuracy, spirit levelling, GNSS.)' ET /QuickPDFF7540cda1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 56.6929 150.7097 Tm 13.14 TL (__________________________________________________________________________________________)' ()' (Relative Study of the Accuracy of Spirit Levelling and GNSS Levelling \(8581\))' (Francis Okeke, Olayemi Odumosu and Victor Nnam \(Nigeria\))' ()' (FIG Working Week 2017)' (Surveying the world of tomorrow - From digitalisation to augmented reality)' (Helsinki, Finland, May 29June 2, 2017)' ET endstream endobj 6 0 obj << /Length 316 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream xMRKnCAۿSpk`y^Uu[jIɒT%C/:b}Rx\%=
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